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Theoretical linguistics is a branch of linguistics that is concerned with developing models of linguistic knowledge to describe and explain linguistic phenomena. It encompasses a range of sub-disciplines that focus on different aspects of language structure and function. Here's a comprehensive list of the various branches and subfields within theoretical linguistics:

1. Phonetics¶

Articulatory Phonetics (Study of Speech Production)
Acoustic Phonetics (Study of Speech Sounds)
Auditory Phonetics (Study of Speech Perception)

2. Phonology¶

Segmental Phonology (Study of Individual Speech Sounds)
Suprasegmental Phonology (Study of Features like Stress, Tone, Intonation)
Phonotactics (Study of Sound Patterns and Constraints)
Prosody (Study of Rhythm, Stress, and Intonation)

3. Morphology¶

Inflectional Morphology (Study of Word Forms)
Derivational Morphology (Study of Word Formation)
Morphological Typology (Study of Morphological Processes Across Languages)
Morphophonology (Interface Between Morphology and Phonology)

4. Syntax¶

Generative Grammar (Study of the Rules that Govern Sentence Structure)
Syntactic Theory (Study of Syntactic Structures)
Transformational Grammar (Study of Transformations in Sentence Structure)
Dependency Grammar (Study of the Dependency Between Linguistic Units)

5. Semantics¶

Lexical Semantics (Study of Word Meanings)
Compositional Semantics (Study of Sentence Meaning)
Formal Semantics (Study of Meaning Through Mathematical Systems)
Cognitive Semantics (Study of Meaning, Understanding, and Conceptualization)

6. Pragmatics¶

Speech Act Theory (Study of How Utterances Function)
Conversational Implicature (Study of Implied Meanings)
Relevance Theory (Study of Communication and Cognition)
Discourse Analysis (Study of Language in Use)

7. Psycholinguistics (Overlap with Cognitive Science)¶

Language Acquisition (Study of How Language is Acquired)
Language Processing (Study of How Language is Understood, Processed, and Produced)
Neurolinguistics (Study of the Neural Mechanisms of Language)

Language Variation (Study of Differences in Language Use)
Language Change (Study of How Language Evolves Over Time)
Language Contact (Study of Languages in Contact with Each Other)

9. Historical Linguistics¶

Diachronic Linguistics (Study of Languages Over Time)
Etymology (Study of Word Histories)
Language Evolution (Study of the Origins and Development of Languages)

10. Comparative Linguistics¶

Language Typology (Study of the Classification of Languages)
Comparative Syntax (Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures)
Comparative Phonology (Comparative Analysis of Phonological Systems)

11. Formal Linguistics¶

Model-Theoretic Linguistics (Study of Language via Logical Models)
Computational Linguistics (Study of Language via Computational Models)
Theoretical Syntax (Study of the Fundamental Principles of Sentence Structure)
Theoretical Phonology (Study of the Fundamental Principles of Sound Systems)

12. Applied Theoretical Linguistics¶

Language Documentation (Study of Techniques for Documenting Languages)
Language Revitalization (Study of Techniques for Reviving Endangered Languages)

13. Cognitive Linguistics¶

Conceptual Metaphor (Study of Metaphorical Thought and Language)
Mental Spaces and Conceptual Blending (Study of Conceptual Integration)

14. Structural Linguistics¶

Phonemics (Study of Phonemes)
Morphemics (Study of Morphemes)
Syntax and Semantics (Structural Analysis)

Theoretical linguistics is foundational for understanding how languages are structured, how they function, and how they are processed and learned. It intersects with a variety of disciplines, including psychology, anthropology, philosophy, and computer science.

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