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  • One of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding, prediction and control and building of physical [[Process|processes]] based on empiricism with scientific method: observation, [[Hypothesis|hypotheses]], theories, experimentation, replication, metaanalyses.
  • Using the tools of applied mathematics, mathematics constrained by making predictions about reality

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  • Outline of natural science - Wikipedia
  • Let's build reality from first principles.
    Let's describe fundamental particles governed by quantum field theory standard model and add gravity that together compose and weakly emerge equations of quantum, classical, statistical physics equations on higher levels with system theory equations with information theory and computation theory.
    These interacting quantum fields with fundamental particles on complex enough dynamics give rise to the weakly emergent equations of chemistry and that together composes to biology, neuroscience and social systems.
    We use many of those laws to engineer computers, artificial intelligence and all other technology, which has various mathematical similarities and differences with biological systems allowing for various types of compatibilities between biological and artificial systems that already allow us to understand and engineer beter AI and upgrade ourselves with neurotechnology, and this will only progress forwards.
    Planets and galaxies and the whole universe is operating under many other approximately deterministic laws.
    We can predict fundamental particles well, but there seems to be inherent randomness in the quantum wave function of probabilities. Since many nontrivial systems cannot be solved analytically, we have to approximate it with petrubation theory. Chemistry and biology adds tons of classical stochasticity and abstracting approximating equations because we cannot grasp all the variables in play there exactly for a lot of cases, but we can simulate picoseconds of a very simple chemical reaction using quantum mechanics on quantum computers in chemical physics. Societal concrete complexity is very intractable, but we can figure out some very general physical and statistical laws, like measuring fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and network theory. The more macroscopic we go, the more fundamental quantum probabilities and fluctations matter less as they cancel out and we get more deterministic, with stochastic cybernetic controlles in a nonequlibrium steady state pullback attractors forming nested hetearchy of free energy minimizing complex markov blankets ongoing all sorts of phase shifts in the configuration space of functional architectures, like organisms and society, and complexity grows as we go up the levels and, with futher tractable somewhat deterministic dynamics of planets, galaxies and cosmology.
    We still have yet to figure out so many better or new concepts, laws, frameworks, technologies in all these fields and levels of analysis. The cosmological story of the universe, why and how is there something, is still a mystery beyond our limited modelling approximating compressing perspective, data, time, computational power, it's in its fullness beyond our comprehension.
    https://twitter.com/burny_tech/status/1743851964163621190?t=U_HQh9x-BbQYDi19VT2qWg&s=19 Open: orders_of_magnitude_english_annotations_highres_horizontal_layout_25200x5760 (1).png landing/docs/Images/bf8b4821f7ee855830505c37fb3db9e2_MD5.jpeg At 10^-32m is thought to exist a foam of twisted spacetime (Quantum foam). 10^-24m cross section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos. 10^-22m Top Quark, the smallest quark. 10^-20m Bottom and Charm quarks. 10^-18m Up and Down quarks. 10^-16m Protons and Neutrons. 10^-14m Electrons and nuclei. 10^-12m Longest wavelength of gamma rays. 10^-11m Radius of hydrogen and helium atom. 10^-10m Radius of carbon atoms. 10^-9m Diameter of the DNA helix. 10^-8m Smallest virus (Porcine circovirus). 10^-7m Largest virus (Megavirus). 10^-6m X Chromosome. 10^-5m Typical size of a red blood cell. 0.1mm Width of human hair. 10mm Width of an adult human finger. 1m Height of an infant human being. 10m Argentinosaurus is the biggest dinosaur discovered yet (30 to 35 meters). Human figure is for comparison. In reality humans and dinosaurs didn't live at the same time. 1km Diameter of Barringer Crater in the northern Arizona desert (1186m). 100km Jamaica Island (235km long). 10000km Diameter of planet Earth (12,742 km). 10^8m Moon's orbit (770,000km). 10^9m Diameter of the Sun (1391400km). 10^11m Diameter of the inner Solar System. (600,000,000 km) 10^13m Diameter of the Solar System. 10^15m Outer limit of the Oort Cloud. 10^16m Distance to Alpha Centauri. 10^18m Messier 13 globular cluster. 10^20m Diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy. 10^22m Local Group of galaxies including Milky Way, M31(Andromeda), M33, SMC, LMC and smaller galaxies. 10^23m Typical galaxy cluster (2 to 10 Mpc). 10^24m Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies. (160 Mpc) 10^25m End of Greatness ("Cosmic web" structure). 10^26m Diameter of the observable universe sphere. The entire Universe is larger than 10^27m and possibly infinite. Scale of the Universe

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The natural sciences encompass a broad range of fields that study the natural world. Here is a comprehensive list, including various sub-disciplines and specializations:

1. Physics

  • Classical Mechanics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Thermodynamics
  • Electromagnetism
  • Optics
  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Field Theory
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Acoustics
  • Computational Physics
  • Experimental Physics
  • Theoretical Physics
  • Biophysics
  • Geophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Relativity

2. Chemistry

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Theoretical Chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Photochemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Thermochemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics

3. Biology

  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Zoology
  • Botany
  • Ecology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Biophysics
  • Marine Biology
  • Environmental Biology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Ethology (Animal Behavior)
  • Paleobiology
  • Neurobiology
  • Virology
  • Mycology (Study of Fungi)
  • Phycology (Study of Algae)
  • Parasitology
  • Pathology

4. Earth Sciences

  • Geology
  • Meteorology
  • Oceanography
  • Geophysics
  • Atmospheric Sciences
  • Hydrology
  • Soil Science
  • Paleontology
  • Mineralogy
  • Petrology
  • Glaciology
  • Volcanology
  • Seismology
  • Climatology
  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Planetary Geology
  • Sedimentology
  • Geodesy
  • Earth System Science
  • Paleoclimatology
  • Limnology (Study of Inland Waters)

5. Astronomy and Space Sciences

  • Observational Astronomy
  • Theoretical Astronomy
  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmology
  • Planetary Science
  • Stellar Astronomy
  • Galactic Astronomy
  • Extragalactic Astronomy
  • Solar Astronomy
  • Space Exploration
  • Astrobiology
  • Astronomical Instrumentation
  • Celestial Mechanics
  • Astrophysical Data Analysis

6. Interdisciplinary Fields

  • Environmental Science
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Systems Biology
  • Astrochemistry
  • Physical Oceanography
  • Geoinformatics
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Paleogeography
  • Geobiology
  • Quantum Biology
  • Neuroethology

This list, while extensive, is not exhaustive. The natural sciences are constantly evolving, with new sub-disciplines emerging as science advances and as interdisciplinary fields grow. Each of these branches can be further divided into more specialized areas, reflecting the depth and complexity of the natural world.

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